Trend-Following Backtester · Guide · backtest 한국어

equity · US

Universal Corporation backtest

10 trend-following strategies were compared on the full daily history of Universal Corporation. 0 beat buy-and-hold CAGR; Donchian 채널 돌파 ranks first by Sharpe, matching the main backtester.

Data 1973-02-21 ~ 2026-07-31daily bars 13,474 (53.4 years)Costs 0.5%Venue XNYSMonthly snapshot 2026-07-31

Results by strategy

0 of 10 beat buy and hold (CAGR 4.9%, drawdown -72.0%).

Sharpe leader (same as main): Donchian 채널 돌파 — CAGR 3.1%, MDD -47.4%, Sharpe 0.27, 42% exposure.

No strategy retained at least 75% of buy-and-hold CAGR while reducing drawdown by both 20% relatively and 5 percentage points absolutely.

The alternative must retain 75% of buy-and-hold CAGR, improve drawdown by at least 20% and 5 percentage points, and stay below 95% exposure; the ranking weights return retention 60% and drawdown improvement 40%.

Strategy · parametersCAGRMDDSharpeCalmarTotalTradesExposure
Donchian 채널 돌파
entryN=92, exitN=43
3.1%-47.4%0.270.075.2x11842%
볼린저 밴드 돌파
n=57, k=3.5
1.8%-31.5%0.260.062.6x4010%
ADX / DI 방향성
period=39, threshold=37
0.4%-5.9%0.240.071.2x41%
SMA 크로스오버
fast=38, slow=119
1.3%-73.9%0.160.022.0x13856%
EMA 크로스오버
fast=43, slow=117
0.8%-74.2%0.150.011.5x10256%
Keltner 채널 돌파
emaPeriod=64, atrPeriod=13, mult=2.4
0.8%-65.5%0.140.011.5x22837%
Supertrend
period=29, mult=4.9
0.5%-69.0%0.140.011.3x19854%
ROC 모멘텀
n=134, threshold=0.09
-0.4%-72.5%0.06-0.010.8x39638%
MACD
fast=18, slow=79, signal=17
-2.3%-79.1%-0.00-0.030.3x54152%
Parabolic SAR
step=0.005, maxStep=0.38
-3.0%-83.6%-0.04-0.040.2x41954%
Buy and hold4.9%-72.0%0.310.0712.9x1100%
1x 10x 1974 1981 1988 1995 2002 2009 2016 2023 Donchian 채널 돌파Buy and hold
Donchian 채널 돌파: Solid strategy line versus dashed buy-and-hold line. Log scale.
0% -18% -36% -54% -72% 1974 1981 1988 1995 2002 2009 2016 2023 Buy and holdDonchian 채널 돌파
Donchian 채널 돌파 maximum drawdown -47.4% (2017-02-08 → 2026-02-10), prior peak not yet recovered.

Rules of the top strategy

A new high means a trend starting; a new low means it’s over (turtle-trading style).

Method and caveats

Past performance does not guarantee future returns. Parameters were carried forward from the latest full optimization and replayed on this monthly dataset. 0.5% trading costs are included; taxes, slippage and rejected orders are not.
Re-optimize the same period and setupAll asset reports

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